Magnetic Fluids :: GCSE Chemistry

1.1 PRELUDEThe phenomenon of ferromagnetism is associated only with the solid state of matter like iron, nickel, atomic number 27 and some rare earth metals and their alloys. Thus, up to now, there is no intrinsic homogeneous fluid having ferromagnetic properties although, theories admit the possibility of ferromagnetism in the liquid state, and purport that there is no inherent reason why they should not exist 1-3,5. Ferromagnetism occurs when paramagnetic ions in a solid lock together in such(prenominal) a way that their spins all point (on the average) in the same direction . At a certain temperature this locking breaks down and ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic. This vicissitude temperature is called the Curie point (TC), which is invariably well below the melting point of the corresponding material 1,8,12.1.2 MAGNETIC FLUIDSMagnetic fluids ( MF ) are stable colloidal suspensions of ultra hunky-dory ferro- or ferri- magnetic particles ( D100Ao ), coated with a surfa ctant like oleic acid, in a suitable liquid carriers such as Isopar-M, kerosene, decalin, etc., 1,2. The idea of MF was assign forward independently and almost simultaneously by several investigators. The first prepared MF was developed by Stephen Papell of the National Aeronautics and Space government (NASA) in the early 1960s. After that, Ronald E. Rosensweig and his colleagues succeeded in formulating MFs that were 10 times as strong magnetically as Papells original MF 1.The special trace of magnetic fluids is given by the fact, that they combine normal liquid behavior with superparamagnetic properties, as will be discussed later. The possibility of magnetic fluid control gave bound to the development of many technical applications in our everyday life 1-3.Mixtures are classified into three mentals colloidal suspensions, suspensions, and solutions, and one of the principal features that differentiate one kind of mixture from another is the size of the particles 6. Colloidal suspensions (also called colloids) are mixtures that are intermediate between solutions and suspensions. Typically the radius of the particle is of the order 100Ao. Since this is much smaller than the size of a single magnetic domain in bulk solids, which is about , the magnetization of the individual particle is saturated, but the direction of the magnetic moment is subordinate to thermal agitation 1,2,5. The particles used are commonly Fe3O4, Fe, Co and Ni.MF is a two-phase system with three components, which combines magnetic properties, carried by the solid magnetic fine particles, with fluidity of the carrier liquid.